Mindfulness in diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM), also known as sugar diabetes or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.1 It is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces2 1.1 Prevalence of Diabetes: In the world, in 2010, 285 million people had diabetes as per the estimation, with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.3 In 2013, according to International Diabetes Federation, an estimated 381 million people had diabetes.4 Its prevalence is increasing rapidly, and by 2030, this number is estimated to almost double.5 Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in the more developed countries. The greatest increase in prevalence is, however, expected to occur in Asia and Africa, The increase in incidence in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, perhaps most importantly a "Western-style" diet.4 According to international diabetic foundation, India is a leading country in the prevalence of diabetes in the world.6 It is estimated the more than 62 million Indians which is more than 7.1% of India's Adult Population7. An estimate shows that nearly 1 million Indians die due to Diabetes every year.2 The average age on onset is 42.5 years.5 The high incidence is attributed to a combination of genetic susceptibility plus adoption of a high-calorie, low-activity lifestyle by India's growing middle class8. Additionally, a study by the American Diabetes Association reports that India will see the greatest increase in people diagnosed with diabetes by 2030.9 1.2 Complications of diabetes: Complications of diabetes include: • Heart Disease – People with diabetes have a higher risk for heart attack and stroke. • Eye Complications – People with diabetes have a higher risk of blindness and other vision problems. • Kidney Disease – Diabetes can damage the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure. • Nerve Damage (neuropathy) – Diabetes can cause damage to the nerves that run through the body. Foot Problems – Nerve damage, infections of the feet, and problems with blood flow to the feet can be caused by diabetes. • Skin Complications – Diabetes can cause skin problems, such as infections, sores, and itching. Skin problems are sometimes a first sign that someone has diabetes. • Dental Disease – Diabetes can lead to problems with teeth and gums, called gingivitis and periodontitis